A Discussion of the Copyright Industrys Assignment

A Discussion of the Copyright Industrys - Assignment Example The internet has been famously defined as a network of networks, and the denser these networks become; the more complicated it becomes to prevent the bane of copyright infringement and other intellectual property violations from occurring. 2Even though the courts have been willing to intervene where there has been an infringement of copyright, the practical difficulties of managing copyright violations arise whenever the "sheer scale" and "speed" of the internet causes high-speed reproduction of the material to be achieved without actually being detected. The development of copyright law can actually be traced back to a time when there was no technology or mechanism by way of which it would be possible to replicate copies of written material. It was not possible to achieve any large scale infringement of copyrighted material as it is today from the comfort of our homes on the internet. Within British legal history, it is said that the King used the Royal Prerogative as far back as 1662 to pass the Licensing Act of 16623. The first real Copyright Protection Act, however, came as the "The Statute of Anne" giving the author copyright privileges for a fixed time period. On an international level, the Berne Convention in 1887 defined the scope of copyright protection and is still an important part of international intellectual property law.4 The advent of the photocopier followed subsequently by, home audio recording, video recording, and finally, the Personal Computer (PC) allowed digitized and rapid copying. The modern Copyright Infringer does not need a large factory of copying machines to create illegal copies of, copyrighted material.5 All in all the challenge for copyright holders has never been greater. The law provides legal remedies available to copyright owners to prevent others from copying the product and to protect original works involving some degree of skill, effort, and judgment. In England, The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 gives protection to books, films, videos, plays, music, and drawings, all of which can make it onto the internet in some form or another.This law protects computer software as a form of literary work and even large databases form copyrighted material have been given protection under the Copyright and Rights in Databases Regulations 1997. Under the Rules, the copyright owner can apply for an injunction to prevent misuse of his copyrighted material and to order the infringer to return the infringed "intellectual property" and maybe a grant for damages. All this, however, looks very nice in the Statute books but the power of the internet to disrupt Copyright mechanisms has often been compared to a force which is always connected and is everywhere and anywhere all of the time.Very often copyright owners feel helpless in the face of technologically sophisticated infringements. For example in the famous case of Napster music files were created in MP3 format and Peer to Peer file sharing began. Within months 50 million people were using a service which was a blatant violation of copyright laws.

Satellite Communication Systems Overview

Satellite Communication Systems Overview SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS OVERVIEW Satellite communication enables two Stations on the earth to communicate through radio broadcast which are located far away from each other. The two stations use satellite as a relay station for their communication. One of the earth station will transmit to the satellite. This is called as Uplink. The satellite Transponder will convert the signal and sends it down to the other earth station. This is called a Downlink. The satellite communication is advantageous over terrestrial communication because of the huge coverage area and high bandwidth capabilities. The disadvantages of satellite communication are large propagation delay, communication cost and gradual increase in use of bandwidth. The basic factors to be considered in satellite communication are; elevation angle is the angle of the earth surface to the center line of the satellite transmission beam. This angle gives considerable effects on satellites coverage area. Ideally, elevation angle should be 0 degrees, so that the tr ansmission beam will reach the horizon visible to the satellite in all directions. However, there is a minimum elevation angle of earth stations because of the environmental factors like objects blocking the transmission, atmospheric attenuation, and earth electrical background noise. Coverage angle is the measure of the portion of the earth surface visible to a satellite taking the minimum elevation angle into account. [1] It is denoted as, R/(R+h) = cos (ÃŽ ² + ÃŽ ¸)/cos (ÃŽ ¸) Here R is earth radius (6370 Km), h is satellite orbit height, Î’ is coverage angle and ? is the minimum elevation angle. There are impairments like free space loss, atmospheric attenuation caused by rain and fog will create considerable effects during transmission. [1] There are different type of satellite services namely, Fixed Satellite Services (FSS) to offers point to point communication. Broadcast Satellite Services (BSS) to provide satellite television and radio. Mobile satellite Services (MSS) will provide telephony. There are number of satellites orbiting in different orbits. [1] The types of satellite orbits are (GEO) geostationary earth orbit, Medium earth orbit (MEO), Low earth orbit (LEO) Molniya and tundra orbit.GEO satellites are in orbit 35,863 km above the earths surface along the equator. Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve around the earth at the same speed so as the earth rotates. This means GEO satellites remain in the same position relative to the surface of earth. This satellite has large coverage area which almost one fourth of the earths surface. It has 24 hour continuous view of the particular regions of the earth, so it is used for broadcasting and multipoint applications. These GEO satellites have difficulty in broadcasting in near polar region.LEO satellites are much closer to the earth than GEO satellites, ranging from 500 to 1,500 km above the surface.LEO satellites dont stay in fixed position relative to the surface, and are only visible for 15 to 20 minutes each pass. So a network of LEO satellites is necessary for LEO satellites to be useful. A LEO satellites proximity to earth compared to a GEO satellite gives it a better signal strength and less time delay, which is better for point to point communication. A LEO satellites smaller area of coverage is less of a waste of bandwidth. Atmospheric drag affects LEO satellites, causing gradual orbital deterioration. A MEO satellite is in orbit somewhere between 8,000 km and 18,000 km above the earths surface.MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellites in functionality.MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of time than LEO satellites, usually between 2 to 8 hours.MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO satellites. Tundra and Molniya Orbit Satellites are used by Russia for decades. Molniya Orbit is an elliptical orbit. The satellite remains in a nearly fixed position relative to earth for eight hours. A series of three Molniya satellites can act like a GEO satellite. It is useful for operations in near Polar Regions. [1] International Teleco mmunication Union (ITU) has done the frequency allocation and planning for all satellite services. To facilitate efficient frequency planning, the whole world is divided into three regions. [1] They are, Region 1: Europe, Africa, Mongolia Region 2: Greenland, South and North America Region 3: Australia, Asia, South west pacific Frequency band are allocated within these regions to provide various satellite services. Some of the satellite services are Broadcasting Satellite Services, Mobile satellite services, fixed satellite services, Navigational and meteorological satellite services. [1] Different types of satellites use various frequency bands. They are given in the table below, FREQUNCY BAND OPERATING FREQUENCY (GHz) TYPES OF SATELLITE SERVICE USES L-Band 1-2 MSS S- Band 2-4 MSS C-Band 4-8 FSS X-Band 8-12.5 FSS Ku-Band 12.5-18 FSS and BSS K-Band 18-26.5 FSS and BSS Ka-band 26.5- 40 FSS References: courses.missouristate.edu/HuiLiu/csc690/slides/Satellite.ppt (http://search.missouristate.edu/advanced/courses.aspx)

Hercules and Syprus :: essays research papers

Now Heracles had just finished his tweleveth labour when the king said that he has another labour.Hercales is now devistated and angry at the king but he does not show it.He looks up to the king and says "O your highness, haven't you put me into enough danger of your liking?""No!"The king shouted.Heracles was now ready to run away because the king was putting to much pressure on him but he decided to do this one last labour."You will have to go into the village of Athens and there you will ask many people about Syprus,the deadliest dragon ever" Said the king Zeus.Now the king was very satisfied that Heracles fullfilled all his demands but he was'nt satisfied with the quantity of labours."This dragon is so fierce that he can eat the lions of the forests and jungles without even trying.He once had eaten the godess Aphrodite but she had escaped with great courage and strength" said the king."And what are the weaknesses of this fierce and dangerous creature you are talking about oh great one"said Heracles."There are none, I'm afraid"said the king slyly."You will have to kill this dragon and flay it.Then you will put your hands amongst it's long and leathery tail and you will feel for a large rectangular box.You will bring this box to me but you shall not open it.This is your final labour and I wish you to fullfill it or else...."the king said nodding."Well I must be heading my way to the village Athen to do my last labour,do you wish me good luck and safety,o great one?"asked Heracles.The king did not say anything for a moment and then shouted out "Go on before I change my mind to something more worse."But there was'nt anything more worse than the Syprus, so if Heracles stayed the king would just have to make up something.Heracles left and made his way to Athen's.When he got there he asked almost all of the working villagers and all of them pointed him to go into the large cave in the North of Athen's.Heracles went North and found a large cave that can fit the whol e world."By the looks of this cave I can see that the one that I've been looking for has been looking for me"siad Heracles.Heracles went into the cave and took out his large club that he had carved and went to explore.

Leadership in Sport Context Essay

Leadership is hard to specifically define, roles and attributes change to adapt to the environment and context needed. George and Jones define leadership as ‘ the exercise of influence by one member of a group or organization over other members to help the group or organization’ (2002,pg. 375). This definition can be broken down with two definitions; Firstly exerting influence over other members and second aiding in a group or organization achieve its goals. ‘Leadership is something everyone would like to claim as a personal attribute, but it is very difficult to get any consensus on quite what it means’. (Weightman, 2004, pg. 129) Many theories and models have been developed to discover different approaches to leadership aiming to identify different traits and characteristics thought needed to be a good leader. In this portfolio I am going to explore different leadership approaches and attributes within the context of sport. Through examples of current lead ers in sport I hope to identify similarities to theoretical evidence. Sport is a disciplined activity that demonstrates a lot of role models for leadership, not just athletes, a lot of jobs within the sport sector include leadership qualities. What makes a leader? The debate between is a leader born or made has opened up a lot of questions to what the attributes of a good leader are. Agreeing that a leader is influential and needs to inspire through organizing change makes us ponder weather traits of a leader are in their personalities or a skill you can acquire over time. Often leaders are associated with having certain personality traits that highlight them as an admirable person. Davis (1972) found the four general traits related to leadership success were: * Intelligence- leaders are found to have high intelligence than their followers * Social Maturity- self-assurance and self- respect and can handle a wide variety of social situations * Achievement drive- found to have a strong drive to get things done * Human- Relations attitudes- leaders know that they rely on other people to get things done, and therefore interested in their team members This traits model focuses on the personality that the leader has on contrast to the job that needs to be done. Agreeing that traits above would aid an individual to take control and lead others in order to influence, further research found the context in what your leading was equally as important. Building on Davis’s model it is important for a leader to be a people person that can withhold authority in a variety of situations, but also with the ability to display their views to a variety of people in intention to influence and inspire. Davis amongst others were previously unsuccessful in showing theoretical evidences that proved common personality traits or qualities. It was soon found more realistic analyses would be to consider the functions a leader demonstrate in order to fulfill his task specific to the context. Sport can be individual or team based but will still involve numerous people. A leadership model discovered in 1982 demonstrates the need of three leadership functions I found present in most sport leaders. These are: the task to be accomplished together, maintaining social cohesion of the group and individual needs of team members. This model shows the three independent functions and how they overlap to form a leadership style that focuses on achieving the outcome of the leader in this case success for a sports team or individual. If the task fails or performed badly, there is diminished satisfaction for the individual and the group tends to fall apart. If the group lacks unity, this will also affect performance. If the individual is discontented, then he or she will not give his or her best performance. This emphasizes the essential of unity of leadership, demonstrating a single action by a leader may influence all areas, and is specific to a sport context. Example Sven- Goran Eriksson- team manager of various football teams (including England) (www.guardian.co.uk) Sven admirable leadership displays most of Davis personality traits alongside achieving success for himself and various teams. Sven’s cosmopolitan background gives him an advantage within a wide audience of players and is well known for his expertise within football. Despite not getting too attached to people, that enforces authority; he creates empathy and trust within all he leads. A strong attribute is his diplomatic approach, he is seen to support and value the work of others. Demonstrating his ability in leading various teams to success he relates to Adair’s model. Maintaining a good cohesion between the team is very important within football but he doesn’t neglect the individual players needs. He implements their opinion into making good decisions for the team as a whole to lead them to success. Transformational Leadership Transformational leadership is best describes a leader who effects followers who are intended to trust, admire and respect. They are known for following and seeing through a personal vision whilst gaining trust of supporters. James Macgregor Burns introduced a concept of transformational leadership in his book Leadership in 1978. He defines ‘leaders and followers make each other to advance to a higher level of moral and motivation. Through the strength of their vision and personality, transformational leaders are able to inspire followers to change expectations, perceptions and motivations to work towards common goals’ (pg. 203, 2012). A sporting example of a transformation leader is Paula Radcliffe. Paula relates heavily to a later theory developed by Bernard M. Bass. Bass’s Transformational Leadership Theory He suggested leadership is defined as the impact it has on followers Burns identified 3 ways in which leaders transform their followers * Increasing their awareness of task importance and value * Getting them to focus first on team of organizational goals, rather than their own interests * Activating there higher-order needs Agreeing that people will follow a person who inspires them. Such individual needs to have a vision and passion and quest to achieve great things. ‘She puts all her energy and time in quest to be the best distance runner in the world’ (www.bbcsport.com) (www.sportsjournalists.co.uk) Yet to win an Olympic medal, all due to injury, she has brought the women’s marathon running to a new level and pushed the limits where no other women have gone. Paula supported many charities, alongside the progression of keen runners during her career. In 2004 she inspired many when joining Jonathan Edwards on an Olympic Special Millionaire, raising  £64,000 for charity. Excluding her physical achievements but she has been recognized for her personality and good sportsmanship through a number of awards. (Taken from my presentation) Ethical Leadership â€Å"Rowe (1997) points out, ethics can be taught in two very different ways. It can be taught using the models of absolute values, or as theologians and philosophers call them ‘ first principles’- That is, the absolute right and wrong ways of doing things. But it can also be taught in terms of how we all have our own way of seeing things. According to this view, values are relative to individuals and the situations in which they find themselves- the right way depends on the context†. Ethics pays an important part in sport for it is the discipline in rules and regulations that gives the entitlement to win and loose competition. Current competition requires a lot of testing prior, during and post competition in order to detect various methods of cheating. Many sports could be seen as unethical due to bad press of officiators, rules and regulations. The importance of ethics in sports defines giving everyone an equal opportunity showing no favouritism or discrimination. Paula highly demonstrates the traits of an ethical leader. Her career has consisted of fighting defend the fair-ness and reputation of the sport. ‘Most athletes were clean and we’re increasing becoming un-happy at the way the sport was being portrayed’ (www.paularadcliffe.com) Proving her ethical leadership qualities I have related Paula to the below model. This model states seven habits that a discovered commonly in ethical leaders. Seven Habits of Strong Ethical Leaders- Stephen R. Covey 1. Strong Personal Character 2. Passion to do right 3. Proactive Behavior 4. Stakeholder interest in mind 5. Recognition of their values as role models 6. Awareness that their decision making should be transparent 7. Holistic view of human beings and firm’s ethical culture Paula’s willingness to stand up for her rights and correct the sport permanently for others, was demonstrated by launched her campaign against ‘drugs in sport’ Despite the amount of drug tests required, it was discovered that the system was not capable of detecting the most effect and abused doping product using in running. She quotes ‘fear is no reason not to do what is right’ (www.paularadcliffe.com) In 2001 at Edmonton she held up a sign saying ‘EPO cheats out’. This was particularly aimed at a competitor that had been tested and found guilty of the blood doping, yet the result was over turned because the French testing authorities did not adhere to IAAF protocol. (www.paularadcliffe.com/gallery/images/08.jpg) Does Gender Effect Leadership? Sport is frequently seen as a masculine dominated sector. â€Å"Sport has been demonstrated to help some women achieve empowerment†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Theberge and Birrell, 1994, pg. 147) In all previous leadership theories mentioned none are specific to gender. With this is mind; still women in leadership are found to be in the minority. Fred Fielder recognises the effectiveness of a task should be considered in defining leadership. His Contingency theory of leadership, developed in 1961, focuses on 1) Why in a particular situations, some leaders will be more effective than other leaders even though they have equally good credentials. 2) Why a particular leader may be more effective in one situation and not another â€Å"Although women’s participation has risen, women’s involvement in sport as providers has dropped†. (Sports Council, 1992) The recent rise in women participating sport has lead to success in gaining responsibility in areas of sport such as leadership and coaching. The theory above I find is relevant for it can be used against women who are seen as good leaders just would be put out of context when it comes to sport. An example within sport is an American, Shannon Eastin Shannon Eastin made history by being the first female official in a male dominated sport, relating to fielders theory she was seen out of context for the job and is now recognised for her confidence of breaking the stereotype. Shannon became Inspirational for Women who feel not equal to take part in male orientated sports. (www.chargers.com) David Cotter et al defined four distinctive characteristics in his Glass Ceiling Approach (1988) 1. â€Å"A glass ceiling inequality represents a gender or racial difference that is not explained by other job-relevant characteristics of the employee.† 2. â€Å"A glass ceiling inequality represents a gender or racial difference that is greater at higher levels of an outcome than at lower levels of an outcome. 3. â€Å"A glass ceiling inequality represents a gender or racial inequality in the chances of advancement into higher levels, not merely the proportions of each gender or race currently at those higher levels.† 4. â€Å"A glass ceiling inequality represents a gender or racial inequality that increases over the course of a career.† This approach is commonly used when individuals or groups are stereotyped and therefore seen as unusual or abstract to be breaking these barriers. When successful of breaking the prejudice against them it is seen as breaking through the barrier to the glass celling. Previous women leaders in sport are seen to be very inspirational, they are made to feel not equal to take part in male orientated sports and therefore demonstrate the glass barrier celling approach when they do a lot making history for women in that context. Even though they might break down these barriers they still not be highly respected and followed by all and will be not seen as equal by all. In todays society there are many powerful female role models. An example in sport is Jessica Ennis. Through the 2012 Olympic she demonstrated her talents and perseverance in sport that achieved amazing results. (www.mirror.co.uk) Conclusion In developing my research from the tutorials I have found leaders are adaptable not only to context, but to individuals. People will find different qualities within the same person that they consider being a trait of a leader. â€Å"Even researches often disagree about which characteristics best describe leadership†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (George et Jones, 2005,pg. 275). Theories and Models help display similar characteristics within leaders but shouldn’t be used to define what a leader should be. Transformation and Ethical leaders are very common within sport for they are found to be influential to their public and demonstrate good morals within sport. All the leaders used in this portfolio are respected, followed and successful in completing their task in hand whilst being influential.

Tom from Canada vs Hoshi from Japan

Culture affects every aspect of a human life. It is also very important while making a managerial decision. The case presented in chapter 5 proves that being born in the Western or Japanese culture determines a lot our attitude to decision-making with all its consequences. According to the information included in the case, Tom is a Canadian manager, who makes decision on his own, without consulting in with his team. He presents very individualistic attitude. It is completely different as far as we consider Hoshi’s way of making decisions.He, on the other hand, spent a lot of time convincing people working with him to agree to the new inventory-control system. Hoshi is a collectivist-manager. Another significant difference between the two managers is that Tom was task-oriented and counted for a quick and positive result of his decision, for an achievement and maybe a promotion, without taking into consideration implications that it might have on his employees. Unlike the Canadi an manager, Hoshi paid more attention to the fact how his co-workers will get used to working with the new system.Joint decision making in the Japanese subsidiary had a severe implications for the performance. Unfortunately, it also turned out that just informing subordinates is not effective either. Each of the managers driven by attitudes characteristic of their cultural scripts and they did what they thought was the best for their subsidiaries. However, what would work best is a mix of these two. Tom and Hoshi would get better results if their had found a middle solution before making the final decision and introducing the new system.Tom should not have done the task rush. After being informed, employees were surprised and not really convinced about the idea. This fact should have already attract the manager’s attention so that he hires a coach just in the beginning. If the Tom’s behaviour was any more collectivist, perhaps he would not trust only his own knowledge but would also ask other competent people of his subsidiary on their opinion. Furthermore, Tom did not care enough about his team, he did not really notice the moment just before key employees handed in their resignations.As a result, as being too sure of the fact that what he does is right, he could not react properly while it was essential. Rational decision-making cannot be successful as long as we do not include the indispensable human factor. In my opinion, Hoshi’s biggest mistake was waiting for the consensus. It is obvious that the Japanese culture is much more collectivist that the Western one, nevertheless the role of the manager should always be the same – taking care of his/her subordinates on one hand and making final decisions in the right time on the other.Having consensus as a priority, Hoshi forgot about the task to do and he did not realize when the change was really important for the further operating of the subsidiary. He should have been the person, who despite discussion and egalitarism, regarding people’s and company’s needs do his job. Moreover, he should have also met Mr. Bortolo expectations, it means introducing the system in the reasonable time. The CEO of the company understood characteristics and culture differences and gave the managers choice.But it seems to me that Hoshi overstrained the possibility given and it led him to a failure. To sum up, both managers made some mistakes caused by their cultural scripts. Rush decision making as well as really slow decision making resulted in huge losses for the subsidiaries and for the company as a whole. If Tom and Hoshi exchanged their views, attitudes before and mix them, learnt something from each other, they could be both successful and satisfied with the results they could present.

Why Renting a Flat in Germany Is Totally Common

Why Renting a Flat in Germany Is Totally Common Although Germany has got the most successful economy in Europe and is basically a wealthy country, it has also got one of the lowest homeownership rates on the continent and is also way behind the US. But why do Germans rent flats instead of buying them or even build or buy a house? Buying their own accommodation is the goal of many people and especially families all around the world. For Germans, it might seem that there are things way more important than being a homeowner. Not even 50 percent of the Germans are homeowners, whereas over 80 percent of the Spanish are, only the Swiss are even renting more than their northern neighbors. Lets try to track the reasons for this German attitude. Influence of World War II Like many things in Germany, the tracking of the attitude to rent reaches back to the Second World War. As the war ended and Germany signed the unconditional surrender, the whole country was rubble. Almost every bigger city was destroyed by the British and American Air Raids and even the smaller village had suffered from the war. Cities like Hamburg, Berlin or Cologne where nothing but a big pile of ashes. Many civilians became homeless because their houses were bombed or collapsed after the fights in their cities, over 20 percent of all housing in Germany was destroyed. That was why it was one of the first priorities of the new built West-German government in 1949 to prove every German a safe place to stay and live. Therefore, big housing programs were started to rebuild the country. Because the economy was also laying on the ground, there was no other opportunity than having the government put in charge of new housings. For the newborn Bundesrepublik, it was also very important to give the people a new home to face the opportunities communism promised just on the other side of the country in the Soviet zone. But there was, of course, another opportunity coming with a public housing program: Those Germans who hadnt been killed or captured during the war were mostly unemployed. Building new flats for over two million families could create jobs that were urgently needed. All this lead to success, the lack of housings could be reduced during the first years of new Germany. Renting Can Just Be a Good Deal in Germany This leads to the fact that Germans today just as their parents and grandparents have reasonable experiences with renting a flat, not only from a public housing company. In the major cities of Germany like Berlin or Hamburg, most of the flats available are in public hand or at least managed by a public housing company. But besides the big cities, Germany has also given the private investors the opportunity to own properties and rent them out. There are many restrictions and laws for the landlords and tenants they have to follow which proves that their flats are in a good condition. In other countries, rental flats have the stigma of being run down and mainly for poor people who cant afford to own an accommodation. In Germany, there are none of those stigmas. Renting seems just as good as buying - both with advantages and disadvantages. The Laws and Regulations Made for Renters Talking about the laws and regulations, Germany has got some specials that make a difference. For instance, there is the so-called Mietpreisbremse, which passed the Parliament. In areas with a strained housing market the landlord is only permitted to increase the rent up to ten percent above the local average. There are a lot of other laws and regulations which lead to the fact that the rents in Germany - compared to those of other developed countries - are affordable. On the other side, German banks have high preconditions for getting a mortgage or a loan to buy or build a house. You just wont get one if you dont have the right sureties. For long term, renting a flat in a city can therefore be a better opportunity. But there are of course some negative sides of this development. Like in most other western countries, the so called gentrification can also be found in Germanys major cities. The good balance of public housing and private investment seemed to tip over more and more. Private investors buy old houses in the cities, renovate them and sell or rent them out for high prices only wealthy persons can afford. This leads to the fact that normal people can no longer afford living inside the big cities and especially young people and students are stressed to find a proper and affordable housing. But thats another story because they couldnt afford buying a house either.

Marketing Plan Bay Health Food Company

Marketing Plan Bay Health Food Company Introduction One of the essential elements of a business plan is a marketing plan. An effective marketing plan for a business requires an intelligently considered base, upon which a business gets to penetrate its target market with ease.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Plan: Bay Health Food Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through a marketing plan, a business gets to outline all its marketing strategies and efforts. Two cardinal elements that define the function and effectiveness of a business plan are strategy and procedure. A marketing plan also entails identifying and explaining the opinionated, monetary, shared, scientific, and intellectual environments that will support a business. In addition, a marketing plan also develops a SWOT analysis for a business by identifying the strengths and weaknesses presented by the internal business environment, as well as identifying opportunities and threats to a business from the external environment. Bay Health Food Company is a business operating under five different environments, which present their own unique threats towards the actualization of its corporate goals. Threats Threats in this context refer to something that has an intention or ability to inflict harm on a business. Threats to a business come from the external environment. For the case of Bay Health Food Company, there are numerous threats posed by the five environments that support its operations. The first threat is high competition from existing food markets. Many supermarkets in Canada are currently rebranding, as a response to the dynamic nature of food market in the country. This will likely pose a huge threat to the marketing strategies and efforts of the business due to high competition for market leadership and customers. Most food markets in Canada have a high matching percentage on the products sold, thus the need for Bay Health Food to identify those threat s and eliminate them. The second threat is the current economic situation in Canada. Canada’s economic performance is quite poor, and the government has been implementing numerous policies to help boost the economy. Such policies are likely to pose a huge threat to the businesses marketing plans due to limitations on the scope of operations, and high cost of operations. Lack of economic regulations on businesses can easily crumble down a country’s economy, thus the move by the government to regulate how business conduct their activities and the valuing system used on various products.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The third threat to the business is ignorance by Canada’s population about organic foods and their numerous benefits. Most of the foods sold by Bay Health Food Company are organic. The fact that most consumers in Canada prefer to co nsume natural foods despite their high costs, may pose a huge threat to the anticipated success of the company in the market. It is very hard to convince people to change their culinary culture, especially if it has a connection to their national culture. The company may also experience a hard time making any reasonable impact in Canada’s food market due to government regulations on organic foods. Government regulations often pose huge threats to marketing activities of a business, as they can change anytime and a business will be required to conform to regulation touching on their businesses. This often creates a need to reorient prior plans in order to align them with new regulations. Other possible threats include high cost of operation and the unpredictable nature of customer needs in Canada. Conclusion Because all the five environments supporting the business will keep changing, it is important to revise all marketing strategies on a quarterly basis. Although it may incr ease the cost of operating the business, it is important for a business to achieve and maintain its leadership in the highly competitive Canadian market. The purpose of the regular revisions is to identify and eliminate emerging threats that can cripple business activities.

Spanish Verbs Meaning To Become

Spanish Verbs Meaning To Become Spanish has no single verb that you can use to translate to become. Your choice of verb typically will depend on the nature of change that occurs, such as whether its sudden or involuntary. Spanish also has a multitude of verbs that are used for specific types of change - for example, enloquecer often means to become crazy and deprimirse means to become depressed. Llegar a ser Llegar a ser typically refers to change over a long period of time, often with effort. It is often translated as to eventually become. Andrea Montenegro llegà ³ a ser considerada una de las modelos ms populares del paà ­s. (Andrea Montenegro came to be considered one of the countrys most popular models.)Es inevitable que todos lleguemos a ser ancianos. (Its inevitable that all of us will become old.)No creo que llegue a ser un problema. (I dont believe itll become a problem.)Lo ms importante para que un nià ±o llegue a ser bilingà ¼e es hacer que su desarrollo del lenguaje sea una experiencia agradable y positiva. (The most important thing for a child in becoming bilingual is making language development a pleasant and positive experience.) Ponerse The reflexive form of the common verb poner, ponerse, is often used to refer to a change in emotion or mood, especially when the change is sudden or temporary. It can also be used to refer to changes in physical appearance and many other traits and can apply to inanimate objects as well as persons. Cuando llegà ³ Antonio, su madre se puso feliz de tenerlo en casa. (When Antonio arrived, his mother became very happy to have him at home.)En aquel dà ­a me puse enfermo. (On that day I became sick.)Cuando el cielo se pone oscuro las mariposas dejan de volar. (When the sky becomes dark the butterflies quit flying.)No nos pongamos tristes. Se va a un lugar mejor. (Lets not become sad. Hes going away to a better place.) Hacerse Another reflexive verb, hacerse, usually refers to deliberate or voluntary changes. It often refers to a change in identity or affiliation. Admite que se hizo escritor por desesperacià ³n. (He admits that he became a writer out of desperation.) ¿Cà ³mo me hago miembro de Mensa? (How can I become a member of Mensa?)Vamos a hacernos millonarios. (Were going to become millionaires.)Mi padre nunca fue muy religioso, pero sà © que se hizo ateo aquel dà ­a trgico. (My father was never very religious, but I know that he became an atheist on that dreadful day.) Convertirse en This verb phrase convertirse en typically means to change into or to turn into. It typically suggests a major change. Although less common, transformarse en can be used in much the same way. Es el dà ­a que me convertà ­ en mujer. (It is the day I became a woman.)Nos convertimos en lo que pensamos. (We become what we think.)Me convertà ­ en una persona mucho ms feliz. (I turned into a much happier person.)Nos transformamos en lo que queremos ser. (We turn ourselves into what we want to be.)En la metfora, la oruga se transforma en mariposa. (In the metaphor, the caterpillar becomes a butterfly.) Volverse Volverse typically suggests involuntary change and generally applies to people rather than inanimate objects. Los jugadores se volvieron locos. (The players went crazy.)Con el tiempo, me volvà ­ perezoso y terminà © escribiendo. (With time, I became lazy and ended up writing.)Es la paradoja del ahorro: Si todos ahorramos, nos volveremos pobres. (Its the paradox of savings: If we all save, we will become poor.) Pasar a ser This phrase pasar a ser suggests change that occurs in the course of events. It is often translated as to go on to be. Pasà © a ser subordinada de à ©l. (I came to be his subordinate.)Pasamos a ser nuestro peor enemigo. (We are becoming our own worst enemy.)Al mismo tiempo, Europa pasaba a ser el mayor inversor extranjero en Argentina y Chile. (At the same time, Europe came to be the biggest foreign investor in Argentina and Chile.) Reflexive Verbs and Changes in Emotion Many verbs that refer to having emotions can be used reflexively to refer to a person becoming someone with a particular emotional state. Reflexive verbs can refer to other kinds of changes as well: Me aburrà ­ de la monotonà ­a. (I got bored with the monotony.)El soldado se exasperà ³ por la incapacidad de decisià ³n de sus jefes de guerra. (The soldier became frustrated by the inability of the war chiefs to make a decision.)Me alegrà © al ver el hospital. (I became happy to see the hospital.)Casi se atragantà ³ cuando vio los noticieros. (She almost became choked up when she saw the news.) Nonreflexive Verbs Denoting Change Many reflexive verbs denote change or becoming, but so do a smaller number of nonreflexive verbs: Milton enrojecià ³ cuando la vio. (Milton turned red when he saw her.)Las ideas buenas escasearon. (Good ideas became scarce.)La situacià ³n empeorà ³ con rapidez. (The situation quickly became worse.) Key Takeaways Spanish uses a variety of verbs to translate to become, the choice depending on what is changing and the nature of the change.Most of Spanish verbs of becoming are in the reflexive form.Spanish verbs exist for some highly specific types of change, such as enrojecer, to become red.

Chinese Women in late 19th century and early 20th century Essay

Chinese Women in late 19th century and early 20th century - Essay Example The subsequent changes during the late 19th century and early 20th century are perfectly elaborated by Kay Ann Johnson in her book Women, the Family and Peasant Revolution, where she has enlightened the various topics like the traditional Confucian marriage culture and the family crisis of 1920. Johnson talks about the pre revolutionary stage and post revolutionary stage and goes on explaining the role of women in terms of labor.1 She elaborates about the family crisis of 20th century and the family reform in order to acquire the proper family. But in order to get this task executed and to support the family reform, more over through the inspiration offered by Chinese communist Party during revolution. Women started working in various fields so that they can earn as well as save their earnings and thus help in increasing the socio economic status of the family through their contribution. As in once the females start working they will start earning wages and, the socio economic status or power dynamics within the family would automatically elevated to the next level. During the revolutionary period as mentioned above, revolutionary forces accosted a traditional family system which was already criticized, to resolve the issues related with the family reformation. But it was not easy for all the people to cope-up with the situation as the Confucian system was signifying the disintegration and thus was under pres sure. There were many factors causing the variations in family reformation including psychological, economical, intellectual powers which always characterized the downfall of dynasties. But for poor rural women of china the early 20th century crisis bought inexplicit effects for family reform. As a result of this crisis the women were forced to lose their traditional role in society. Thus an increase in poverty and migration was recorded. Hence the women were force to join any industry. In order to fight this family crisis, Chinese came up with an idea of implementing small cooperatives at all villages. The main aim of such cooperatives was to increase the women's active participation in the production so that they can support the economy. The most common tasks were related to handicraft and textile industry which included sewing, weaving and spinning. The reason behind selecting these tasks was that these were practiced traditionally in some parts at home earlier. But some handicra ft work was hampered in recent generations due to the introduction of more efficient, modern and foreign industry. But the women who had retained those handicraft skills were encouraged to provide training to other women in small groups. Hence many women got involved in household production. Moreover women got indulged in manufacturing uniforms, blankets, shoes and socks for red army. 2 Situation Forced Women Into Production One more major reason behind the Chinese women getting involved in production was that the young boys and men were recruited for the army by revolutionaries, moreover by Chinese Communist party. Johnson raised the question against the role of Chinese communist party in fighting for the rights of Chinese women. Johnson states that the Chinese communist party has fought actively in order to accomplish the changes that were vital for its continued survival such as the party encouraged

Tourism policy paper -crowding management in tourism Research

Tourism policy -crowding management in tourism - Research Paper Example Crowd management, as the name implies, is defined as management of the crowd, where management includes but is not limited to planning, accommodation, and administration of the crowd in a particular setting. Safety and well-being of the tourists is the matter of prime concern in any kind of tourism service. Crowd management is intrinsically about ensuring the delivery of best service to the tourists. Inadequate crowd management in tourism causes loss of profitability of the tourism business in addition to more severe consequences including loss of life and property. Inappropriate crowd management incurs bad reputation to the organizers in the market and tourists’ confidence in them is shattered. This reduces their client base, affects the profitability of business, and many legal implications have to be faced (Rahmat, 2009). A potential reason of inadequate crowd management is poor estimation of the size and needs of the crowd in a particular location. Poor estimation and scheduling is often an outcome of lack of experience. Rahmat, NB 2009, The relationship of crowd management strategies and safety performance among sport tourism event venue organisers in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, Universiti Teknologi Mara, [Online] Available at http://eprints.uitm.edu.my/5722/1/NORAZLINA%20BT.RAHMAT%2009_24.pdf [accessed: 7 May

Chinese students learning strategies in EFL and in ESL Essay

Chinese students learning strategies in EFL and in ESL - Essay Example The second strategy that students use in learning EFL is communicative strategies. Qiumei (n.d) highlights that communicative strategies are deliberate efforts by the students to decode or express the meaning in a language and in circumstances where the language rules have not been identified. Some of the communicative strategies that they use include avoiding and adjustment of a message, paraphrasing, approximations, asking for help, repetition, classifications etc. Teachers in this strategy help the students in learning EFL because the students refer to them when they want to ask questions about the language. Alliance for Excellence Education (2005) points out that this method is known as guided interaction because students work together with teachers in order to understand the language. In addition, another strategy used by students in EFL in China, is discussions; therefore, to understand the language better, the students form discussion groups where the teachers assist them and other students to understand English language. Qiumei (n.d) highlights that this method allow students to participate in discussions of meanings so that they can comprehend messages and this help them to learn and acquire the language. Chinese students who join tertiary institutions in Australia have difficulties in learning English as a second language. Thus, due to the difficulty in communication, they employ various strategies in Australian context to understand English as a Second language (ESL). Some of the main strategies include cognitive, metacognitive, social and affective strategies (Samida, 2006). Further, these strategies can be used universally by new students in any country globally because they are equally applicable. The first strategy is the cognitive strategy, and it involves transforming the English language through repeating, analyzing and summarizing messages (Samida, 2006). The

The UK Hotel Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

The UK Hotel Industry - Essay Example In spite of such diversity, a large proportion of work in the manufacturing industries to relates services. (Hoque 1999b). While human resources management as a concept attracted a lot of attention as a â€Å"more effective and productive approach to managing organizations key assets, its people†, there have been differences of opinion as to whether it is industrial relations management-personnel management (IR & PR) freshly packaged or a totally different discipline â€Å"aimed at integrating the management of people into overall business strategy and organizational goals† (Poole, 1990; Salamon, 1987; Storey, 1995b cited in Mc Gunnigle 2000). Three models of HRM have been suggested: normative" (prescriptive of an ideal approach); "descriptive" (identifying developments and practice in the field); and "conceptual" (a model for classification). (Storey 1992 cited in Mc Gunnigle 2000). In the normative model, HRM has a â€Å"team development† orientation, a â€Å" significant role for line managers† and seeks to develop an â€Å"organizational culture†. The conceptual model differs widely from IR-PR with as many as 27 differences listed. All researchers, however, agree that employee commitment is not only the dominant aspect of HRM but that it is the main differentiator between HRM and IR-PR. (Storey 1992 and Guest 1995 cited in Mc Gunnigle 2000).   The objective of human resource management is fostering employee commitment to enhancing employee performance. The rationale behind this premise is that employee commitment makes them more satisfied, productive, adaptable, willing to accept organizational goals and values and not mind to ‘stretch’ to meet these goals. ‘Stretch’, in this context refers to additional productivity, effective contributions and taking part in continuous improvement processes.

My Family Movie Analysis Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Family Analysis - Movie Review Example Even before Chucho was born, his parents considered him a special child. However, when he grew up, he became an intermediate gangster. Besides engaging in street fights, he was also involved in illegal activities. One day Jose got really upset because he found out from the police that his own son had been earning money by selling drugs. When Chucho came home, his father could not contain the anger and kicked him out of the house. Later, like anybody else, after pondering on what he did, he felt ashamed of his rash actions. Jose wanted to ask forgiveness and forgive his son, but was too proud to do it. He suffered a lot from the guilt and wanted to have his son back, but was not able to share his feelings, because Chucho was found and killed by the police. Chucho, at the time he left father’s home, was very upset and did not want to see his father any more. The pride kept the son and father separated. But Chucho honestly did not hold a grudge against his father. When Chucho was hiding after he accidentally killed another man, he was talking with his younger brother Jimmy and he wanted to tell his father something. The movie did not specify what it was, but by the tone of Chucho’s voice, it may be interpreted that he wanted to tell his father that he loved him. A lack of forgiveness sets an invisible wall between people. They cannot reach out to each other. By holding on to a grudge, the anger can be turned into a new experience. It may wrap a heart up in the anger so tight that it will not be possible to realize what is going on in the world around. Life will start to lose its meaning and purpose. Most people are depressed during this period of time. Forgiveness is a psychological decision to change and doing all you can to reach that goal. Once you forgive someone, you will start feeling compassionate and understanding. It is not something that can be expected from others.0 Forgiveness is a personal decision. Another example of forgiveness in the movie is Jose and Maria forgiving Toni. It was shocking news for them to find out she wanted to become a nun, but them her mother was very proud of her daughter for making such a decision. From then on her parents expected her to serve God. But things did not turn out the way they expected and, in a way, Toni disappointed them. She married a priest. It was such an unusual thing in the day that Maria fainted. Her parents could have easily gotten upset with their daughter and sent her away, but Jose said â€Å"If that’s what God wants – then its fine with me†. Jose learned through his life, that anger and a lack of forgiveness may have a price that is too high. Sometime’s in life, we are the ones that need to ask for forgiveness. Like little Carlitos needed to forgive his father Jimmy. Jimmy had been in prison and had not been around when the young boy needed him most. When his father came back, Jimmy tried to settle things between them and make them a fami ly again. Carlitos would always brush Jimmy off by breaking expensive gifts from his father, not going for outings with him and even doing his best to avoid Jimmy if it was at all possible. If the father ever needed to talk to his son, Carlitos would only respond in cursing. Jimmy almost lost hope in gaining his son’s love, but then he realized, he himself was held in the prison of anger for too long to forgive those who, he had thought, wronged him, to forgive Carlitos for his mother’

Myers Briggs personality Inventory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Myers Briggs personality Inventory - Essay Example The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator instrument makes use of four dichotomies which differentiate one people from another and consign them as ‘type preference’. The four dichotomies are as follows: Extraversion-Introversion: This indicates whether people have a preference over acquiring personal energy from the external world of actions and people or from internal world of thoughts as well as ideas. Extraverts get easily adjusted to the external environment and prefer to involve in large groups of people. They enjoy while working in groups, learn anything by discussing with others, act in any circumstances without thinking and are expressive as well as outgoing. Introverts may act slowly over any action. They are accustomed to the inner world and prefer to communicate with others through writing than talking. They enjoy while working alone and learn anything through psychological practice. For example, extravert prefers to talk to people and introvert prefers to read books. S ensing-Intuition: This indicates the way through which people take information whether they focus on actual or real based meaning or prefer to apply or interpret the meaning to what they observe. The people who have a preference over sensing use facts and detailed information as well as give emphasis to realistic object. They take time and examine carefully before taking any conclusion. They use their five senses while observing and memorising certain things. The people, who prefer intuition, provide emphasis to hypothetical object and visualise any matter. They quickly jump into conclusion without proper judgement. They use their sixth sense while observing certain things (Prem, n.d.). For example, people who prefer sensing is down-to-earth and extremely dependent on past experiences where as people who prefer intuition are considered idealists and rely much on the future (Prem, n.d.). Thinking-Feeling: This indicates the way through which people make decision whether the people is depended on their rational thinking or influenced by their concern for themselves and others. The people who prefer thinking is analytical. Besides solving problem logically they also provide realistic solution and endeavour for right objective pattern. They use cause-and-effect analysis while taking any decision. They want that everyone should be treated equally without discrimination. The people who prefer feeling are empathetic and kind in nature. They are guided by individual value and want everyone to be treated as an individual. They try hard for harmony as well as positive relations among each individual (Prem, n.d.). For example, people who prefer feeling over thinking are usually predominant in helpful professions which include counsellors. They provide emphasis to fulfil the need of other people and may seek realistic

My Family Movie Analysis Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Family Analysis - Movie Review Example Even before Chucho was born, his parents considered him a special child. However, when he grew up, he became an intermediate gangster. Besides engaging in street fights, he was also involved in illegal activities. One day Jose got really upset because he found out from the police that his own son had been earning money by selling drugs. When Chucho came home, his father could not contain the anger and kicked him out of the house. Later, like anybody else, after pondering on what he did, he felt ashamed of his rash actions. Jose wanted to ask forgiveness and forgive his son, but was too proud to do it. He suffered a lot from the guilt and wanted to have his son back, but was not able to share his feelings, because Chucho was found and killed by the police. Chucho, at the time he left father’s home, was very upset and did not want to see his father any more. The pride kept the son and father separated. But Chucho honestly did not hold a grudge against his father. When Chucho was hiding after he accidentally killed another man, he was talking with his younger brother Jimmy and he wanted to tell his father something. The movie did not specify what it was, but by the tone of Chucho’s voice, it may be interpreted that he wanted to tell his father that he loved him. A lack of forgiveness sets an invisible wall between people. They cannot reach out to each other. By holding on to a grudge, the anger can be turned into a new experience. It may wrap a heart up in the anger so tight that it will not be possible to realize what is going on in the world around. Life will start to lose its meaning and purpose. Most people are depressed during this period of time. Forgiveness is a psychological decision to change and doing all you can to reach that goal. Once you forgive someone, you will start feeling compassionate and understanding. It is not something that can be expected from others.0 Forgiveness is a personal decision. Another example of forgiveness in the movie is Jose and Maria forgiving Toni. It was shocking news for them to find out she wanted to become a nun, but them her mother was very proud of her daughter for making such a decision. From then on her parents expected her to serve God. But things did not turn out the way they expected and, in a way, Toni disappointed them. She married a priest. It was such an unusual thing in the day that Maria fainted. Her parents could have easily gotten upset with their daughter and sent her away, but Jose said â€Å"If that’s what God wants – then its fine with me†. Jose learned through his life, that anger and a lack of forgiveness may have a price that is too high. Sometime’s in life, we are the ones that need to ask for forgiveness. Like little Carlitos needed to forgive his father Jimmy. Jimmy had been in prison and had not been around when the young boy needed him most. When his father came back, Jimmy tried to settle things between them and make them a fami ly again. Carlitos would always brush Jimmy off by breaking expensive gifts from his father, not going for outings with him and even doing his best to avoid Jimmy if it was at all possible. If the father ever needed to talk to his son, Carlitos would only respond in cursing. Jimmy almost lost hope in gaining his son’s love, but then he realized, he himself was held in the prison of anger for too long to forgive those who, he had thought, wronged him, to forgive Carlitos for his mother’

Consensual Relationships Agreements ( CRA) Case Study

Consensual Relationships Agreements ( CRA) - Case Study Example In this connection, the Consensual Relationship Agreement (CRA) between the working people and the employer is generally regarded as a written contract in which the working people belonging to an organization agree to follow various policies relating to workplace that are established by the employer. The written agreement also states that the working people agree to discard certain attitudes or behaviors that might offend others in the working place. In this particular agreement, the employees or the staffs also agree to behave professionally and not to permit the relationship to hamper their work performances. Through this particular relationship agreement, the working people of a particular organization also promise to report any sort of harassments that might prevail in the working place to the higher authority of the organization (Appleby, 2007). Along with the need of executing consensual agreements in the workplace, there also lie certain different reasons which might possess negative impact for the employees with the implementation of Consensus Relationship Agreements (CRA) in any organization. The different reasons for the negative impact of the workplace agreement include unfavorable effect upon the morale of the employees, emergence of favoritism and potential interest conflicts among the staffs that ultimately can affect the working performances of the staffs (Edwards & Angell LLP, 2005). In this context, the morale of the employees who consent to be a part of Consensus Relationship Agreements (CRA) greatly suffers at a particular time when the other employees of the organization enjoy superior as well as well advanced job assignments along with other opportunities of working operations. This particular factor ultimately helps to raise the aspect of favoritism and also unfavorably affects upon the working performance of the employees due to the relationship agreement

Introduction To Aircraft Manufacturing Industry Marketing Essay

Introduction To Aircraft Manufacturing Industry Marketing Essay The Aircraft Industry is a duopoly industry comprising of Airbus (EU) and Boeing (US). If there are to be viewed from political consensus they are two-party political system. Anthony Downs proposed a classic model in the political science that suits the situation in the perfect way. His proposal reversed the conservative connection between party ideologies and elections. He said that instead of parties achieving victory in the elections on the basis of the appropriateness of their agenda, his findings give elections pre-eminence, with insinuation that all actions taken by the party are aimed at maximising votes. According to Downes, both parties will try to resemble each other as much as possible. Both parties will keep their policies modestly different from each other. Also majority of voters only want to see minor alterations in government functionality. The Market of large and mid size aircrafts works on the same ideology. There is an immense consensus among market players to what an attractive product comprises, that is, an economically efficient and safe aircraft. But there are also some interest factions that have wagered in product design, just as there are much potential groups within a democratic system(Ibsen n.d.). Â  The Government of the United States and its Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) are considered to be influential as they look upon the largest air transport market in the world. Regulations laid by the European and United states government will prove to be a major driving force for orders of new aircraft in the coming years. In the similar way, the deregulation of European airlines, which begun in 1990s, promises to expand the markets for smaller regional jets(Ibsen n.d.). Trade of large commercial jetliners has been tariff free under the agreement of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The high degree of political intervention has effect on the purchase of aircraft. The decision of buyers to buy which aircraft depends on the political reasons because the support and interference from the government could effect the future of buyers. For Example, presently Boeings biggest market is China and is estimated to be for next twenty years. As a result Chinas purchase of boeing aircrafts has led to lot of political influence in the United States(Ibsen n.d.). ECONOMIC FACTORS Air traffic in US and UK is likely to increase as they have just recovered from the recession. The commercial aircraft is estimated to rise worth US$ 2 trillion in the coming twenty years, which will result into need of 16,600 new aircrafts (estimated). The largest demand is expected to come from airlines from China, US and India. Huge amount of growth is expected from the Middle East countries. It is expected that China alone will need 2,200 new aircrafts to meet its travel needs. Also, international freight sector is estimated to grow by 253% in the next twenty years (Irwin Pavcnik n.d.). China being the biggest emerging market and considering its population size, the growth in air passengers is likely to shoot up which would result in increasing demand for new aircrafts (The Economist n.d.). High Oil prices: towering oil prices have elevated the operating cost of airlines. In the year 2007, the worldwide airline industry had to pay 136 billion US dollars for fuels, its a 300% increase compared to what they had to pay in 2003. Even in 2008, when crude oil prices fell dramatically, it still accounted for 32% of the operating expenses. Global GDP- the primary factors in determining the demand of aircraft and growth in the industry is the GDP, which is expected to grow by 3.2% by 2030 The global recession: The recession which impelled a theatrical drop in load factors in the middle of 2008. In response, airlines have been putting aircrafts out of service and rethinking plans to order replacement for the existing aircrafts. In the third quarter of 2008 24 airlines went bankrupt. The loses during this period were estimated about 4-8 billion US dollars. The credit crunch: The credit crunch in combination with the above mentioned factors, has made it hard to purchase new aircrafts, airlines are finding difficulties to finance new aircrafts. Despite of the credit crunch, orders for business and commercial jets have seen increase at the beginning of 2008, but the credit crises has resulted in delays and deferrals and failure to take delivery of many aircrafts(Captain n.d.). SOCIAL FACTORS Recent changes in society have led to increase in air travel. Also changes in life style of people and the viewpoint of air journey being a feasible option. Demand of air travel is driven by convenience. However, the trend is changing as the consumers travel decisions is primarily based on price. Rising cost and competition produced by low-cost carriers is affecting majority of Airlines. Business travels, once a stable of income, now is a conduct by corporate travel guidelines. As a consequence, airlines are combining their networks to utilize economies of scale, minimize environmental impact and offer smaller markets with new and improved services. The noise generated and CO2 emission near the airport is also a thing of higher concern as people living near the airport are pressurizing authorities to change their operating style(Ferreri n.d.). TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS In the commercial aviation industry, there are huge amount of costs connected with Research and development for the development of a new aircraft. European Union governments sustain European technology R D sector, just as the united states government does, though FAA, NASA, Department of Defence (DOD) and programs that reliefs export tax (Colantonio n.d.). Though United states has three times more support than the European union. The Aircraft industry is very demanding with very high quantity of time and money dedicated to innovations and RD. Now a days carbon fiber is used for the construction of an Aircraft body. (example: A350 XWB with 50% carbon fiber body) Concentration on development on making more fuel efficient engines for longer ranges (Szodruch et al. n.d.). Use of alternative sources of fuel to counteract raising oil prices The development of supersonic aircraft is also a chance because it will lead to creation of whole new market segment. Commercial carriers will buy these aircrafts to meet customers demand of reaching the destination quickly and on time. The largest and cost efficient advancement for commercial aircraft industry is the faster designing of planes. The augmented manufacturing time will save aircrafts manufacturers time on labor and help them to better utilize resources. For Example: Boeing 777 used computer to design a prototype, this saved them the cost of building a real prototype(Szodruch et al. n.d.). In todays competitive world, robots are also considered an effective tool for the manufacturing of aircraft. LEGAL FACTORS There are many restrictions when it comes to entering the market but due to globalisation circumstances have changed and also due to US open skies agreement. Open skies agreement has led to smooth flow of national and international flights in and out of US, promoting tours and business activities, improving productivity and creation of job opportunities and economic growth (BBC n.d.). United states open skies policy has been proved very effective in airline globalization. It enabled the airline carriers limitless admittance in the partners market and right to go to all middle and beyond points. This agreement has offered the most operational flexibility for airline coalitions. This agreement has been successful in achieving over hundred partners from every part of the world and every level of economic growth (BBC n.d.). Also there is IATA (International Air Transport Association). Its aim is to provide assistance to airlines to decrease complexity of their process and increase passenger convenience, decreasing costs and develop efficiency. The pioneering simplifying the business scheme is vital in this area. Moreover, IATAs primary priority is safety and its aims to continuously improve safety standards via IATAs Operational safety audit (IOSA)(Rothman Rothwell n.d.). The Boeing company and government have long complained that Airbus has ignored the 1992 bilateral agreement, which is one of the key agreement, which says that launch aid will be available to Airbus till its in the level of its competitor Boeing, but that is no longer the case with Airbus having 52% of the market share. The US government says that the aid given to Airbus is illegal under the WTO agreement and had also asked for litigation. The case is solved and US won the battle and Airbus was penalised and WTO promised to restore fair trade in the industry (EU Business n.d.). Major regulatory bodies such as EPA, FAA have a major impact on the industry as they decide on the laws and regulations that various suppliers, producers and operators have to deal with. The impact is substantial as they are capable of creating major obstacles in the final approval of aircrafts (Barriage n.d.)(Clarke n.d.). ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Environment factors generally include ecological aspect of climate and weather change, which in turn can influence industries such as insurance, tourism and farming. Today, there is an awareness of climate change in the minds of people, which is becoming a deciding factor on how companies function and what are their offerings, because it can lead to formation of a new market or destruction of the present market. ACARE is an European group of airports, eurocontrol, airlines, manufacturers, universities and members of EU and EU commission. Its primary challenges are safety, reasonable, quality, environment and security. Some of their objectives are to reduce air accidents to 80%, 15 minute less wait time on airports for little distance destinations and 50% less time needed to market. One of most popular intention of ACARE was to reduce specific CO2 discharge by 50%, the discharge of NOx by 80%, and to decrease the exterior noise of fixed wing aircraft by 10 db per operation. For example- Boeing is a major element of the commercial aviation industry. It is executing some new plans to improve its aircrafts environmental performance. Compared to present It also claims that it will reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 25% by 2020(Szodruch et al. n.d.). The purpose of ACARE clearly reflects the demand of society, especially in the area of security and stability of environment. Also, their purpose reflect the requirements of aircraft operators, which are major driver for innovation in technology. The ACARE objectives reflect requirements which are demanded by society, particularly in the areas of environmental compatibility and security. On the other hand, the ACARE objectives also reflect the needs of aircraft operators, which are an important driver for technological improvement. On the other hand, the mounting pressure from society regarding emissions, noise around airports is affecting airline operations(Szodruch et al. n.d.). In addition, with increasing pressure from society as a whole, as well as from local communities around airports, noise and local emissions have an impact on airline operations(Clarke n.d.). CONCLUSION Commercial Aviation Industry is optimistically connected to the world economy. As a result, with the continuous growth of world economy, this industry is also presenting signs of swift growth. Airbus and Boeing forecasted immense growth in the future and adjusting their strategies accordingly. Boeing and Airbus create a duopoly in the market. However they still face competition from small companies located in Russia. Also China is entering the market with its first home made commercial jetliner COMAC C919 coming in 2012. This sector is heavily dependent on outsourcing and external factors. Their operations are carried out around the world so multiple trade policies of different countries affect their strategies. Rising oil prices is a serious problem for the industry; airlines are forced to shut down their old planes because of increased fuel consumption. After the PESTEL analysis, it can clearly be concluded that the biggest challenges are expected to come from economic, legal and e nvironmental factors in the near future. PART B AIRBUS FUTURE FORECAST According to Airbus latest Worldwide market forecast, there will be a delivery of 25,000 new freighter and passenger aircrafts between 2009 to 2028, which are expected to be worth US$ 3.1 Trillion. Rising economies, developing airline networks, extension of low cost airlines and increasing number of big cities as well as growth in traffic and also the also the orders to replace new aircrafts with the new ones which are more efficient are creating more demand for the aircrafts. In 2009, there was a downfall in Revenue Passenger Kilometres (RPKs) by 2%, it is expected to rise to 4.6% in 2010. The forecast also estimates that in next twenty years, passenger traffic RPKs will show resiliency to the repeated effects of the sector and raise itself by 4.7% per year or double in the coming fifteen years. This will only happen if demand rises to 24,100 new aircrafts of value US$2.9 trillion. When the old 10,000 aircrafts will be replaced with the new ones, the global aircraft fleet of hundred seating or more will twofold from some 14,000 today. According to the forecast, airfreight tonne kilometres (FTKs) are expected to increase annually by 5.2%. Pooled with fleet renewal, this will lead to requirement of 3,440 new freighters. More than 850 of these are new, which are expected to valued more than 210 billion dollar, with the remainder converted from passenger aircraft. Economics of Oxford predicts that in the next twenty years, this industry will directly employ 8.5 million people and will add US$ 1 trillion to the world GDP. Other indirect advantage and tourism are even bigger. The biggest demand will come from the Asia pacific and the emerging economies. They are China and India (31%), followed by Europe (23%). Also in terms of domestic market China (10%) and India (7.9%) will be the fastest growing in the next twenty years. But the US will retain its title of being the biggest domestic network. Not very surprising, Airbus also predicts requirements for Very Large Aircraft (VLA) which can accommodate more than 400 passengers like the A380, at above 1,700. About 19 percent by value of passenger and freight deliveries, or seven percent aircraft units are valued at over US $570 billion. Out of these, 1,318 will be used to link the mega cities of the world, which are continuously increasing in numbers. This implies greater increase in air traffic. Also more than half of the VLA will be operational in Asia-pacific. In the segment of twin aisle aircraft which can accommodate 250 to 400 passengers, forecast states that there will be a need of 6,250 new aircrafts in the next twenty years, expected to be valued at US$ 1,300 billion, or 25% by units, 42% by value. Out of these 6,250, 4,240 will be small twin aisle (250-300 sitting capacity) and about 2,010 will be twin aisles (350-400). Such sections include members of A330/A340 family. It is also expected that from 2013, A350 XWB will replace the whole twin aisle market requirements. According to the forecast, in the single aisle section, aircrafts worth US$ 1,200 billion or 68% by units, 39% by value will be distributed in the next twenty years. There is comparatively an increase in forecast compared to previous ones due to arrival of low-cost transporters and liberalization in route and increasing requirement of single aisle aircraft in Asia pacific(Leahy)(Airbus n.d.). BOEING FUTURE FORECAST Global economic activity revealed that gross domestic product (GDP), is the most powerful driver of development in commercial aircraft and airlines industry and also affects demands of aircraft. The worldwide GDP is anticipated to rise at an average of 3.2% on a yearly basis for the next twenty years. Revealing on the economic growth, global traveller traffic will rise average 5.3% and cargo traffic to 5.9% over the forecasted period. The traveller and cargo traffic growth rates are comparatively higher than prior years due to fall in air traffic. After calculating the twenty year growth rate on the basis of lower base year results into a higher growth rate. If the low starting point is neglected, it is estimated that traveller traffic will increase to a rate of 4.9 percent and the cargo traffic will also increase to 5.4 percent each year. To meet the current demand of business-related aviation services, the number of aircrafts needed worldwide will increase at an annual rate of 3.2% , doubling-up from 19,000 aircrafts present today to a total of 36,000 aircrafts in 2029. Also airplane deliveries for the purpose of substituting old planes and growth of fleet will total 30,900 over the next twenty years of value US$ 3.6 trillion. Diverse demand for air services: Air travel around the world continues to change in response to challenges and opportunities. New airline Business models and energetic growth of air travel in the emerging countries are expanding the demand of airplanes. Despite the downfall in travel in 2009, there were still several business models and markets that experienced growth. In the next twenty years, seventy seven percent of the demand of new aircrafts will arise from outside of north America, with 34% going to Asian region. According to the Boeing forecast the biggest demand form market value point of view will come from United States, followed by china. Amazingly, the United Arab Emirates, with less than five million population, is home to numerous highly competitive airlines, is expected to be the third biggest market by value (Boeing n.d.). AIRBUS COMPANY PROFILE AND STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTED Airbus is an aircraft manufacturing company based on France, Toulouse, is presently the worlds largest commercial aircraft manufacturer with 52% of the market share in the European market, and has been involved in an intense competition with Boeing since 1970. Airbus is a supplementary of European Aeronautic defence and space space company (EADS). In 2001, Airbus officially became a solo company, BAE and EADS relocated their assets to newly formed company and became stakeholders of 20% and 80% respectively. A shareholder committee that contains seven members and work as an administrative council, 5 members from EADS and 2 members from BAE administer airbus, they approve the investment and make up three year investment plan. In the May month of 1974, Airbus successfully made its first delivery, it was an A300B2, to an air operator in France Airbus has been restructured into centres of excellence and each centre is managing its own policy of buy and make accordingly, making decision to subcontract trying to find out whether they can lower cost, which is the only way to continue profitability. Airbus has also adapted differentiation strategy for its core activities since it rolled out its first wide bodied twin aircraft which differentiates it from its competitors (UscubaComission n.d.). Airbus follows an expansion strategy by proving itself expert in the industry and put it in use in the military program A400M program. Airbus has started research on the new engine option (NEO) that could result into reductions of operating costs. Boeing plans to offer a new aircraft in 2020 followed by 737NG in 2011. The company make use of only prime and properly tested technology to chose its suppliers to assure quality. The company used synergies between its aircrafts, which leads to shorter training time between engineers and pilots, leading to savings in maintenance processes and reduction in spare parts inventory. This leads to monetary gains and competitive advantage for them(Goold n.d.). Airbus functions on the thinking of foreseeing and listening properly to their customers and employees in building more fuel efficient, less noisy and comfortable aircrafts. Airbus operates on the principles of thinking ahead and listening to their customers, passengers, and employees in building constantly more comfortable and efficient aircrafts. Also Airbus corporate culture and diversity is competitive advantage for the company (Composed n.d.). The increment in oil prices and journey cost may interfere in the low cost offerings by Airbus, which may put pressure on the firm to switch to more fuel efficient engines(Chapman n.d.). BOEING COMPANY PROFILE AND STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTED Till now, Boeing has been conventional leader in the global aviation industry, with Airbus lying behind. Nevertheless, in the last few years Airbus has been ahead Boeing repeatedly because of the large number of orders its been receiving and surpassing its deliveries in 2003. Boeing is the key producer of commercial airplanes and the foremost aerospace firm and offer connected support services. Boeing is currently the worlds biggest producer of large commercial aircrafts (LCAs)(Composed n.d.). Boeing has been keeping up with its objective of giving its customer eco friendly products. Boeing has been aggressive in taking over, expanding and putting into practice new technological solutions for reducing aircraft noise, and also maintaining operational effectiveness and customer satisfaction of its products in parallel. The Boeing capital corporation also invests in commercial apparatus and private airplanes. The Boeing is also involved in design, growth, sale, production as well support of industrial jetliners, rocket defence, satellites, space flight of human and launch services and systems. Boeing is one out of the two main producers of 100 plus seat aircrafts for the global commercial airline industry and the second biggest defence constrictor in the United States. Boeings major operations are carried out in the United States of America. They depend heavily on their chain of suppliers, subcontractors and partners which are situated around the globe(Arkell n.d.). Boeing has injected huge amount of capital in the construction of new facilities, equipments to carry out their tests, and to improvise on their noise control and aero-acoustics research. There are also several research project that focus on applying the new technology and implementing it to the production. Most of the important research projects are employed to deal with cost, maintenance, production and cross functional design and problems coming in the adaptation of new technology. NASA Boeing is also a NASA contractor who has worked vigorously in the operations conducted by it and so that it can gain access into new technologies in the field of aerospace. Boeing also has its full database linked with the NASA. Boeing has been involved with NASA for quite a long time regarding noise problem in commercial planes. This also enables the firm to have a very strong RD department. Boeing has made a decision to market in a different way by turning their focus on small and mid-size aircrafts to increase flexibility between airline operations and to cover longer distances. They focus not on increased capacity but to cover longer distances, this differentiates them. This will enable airlines to provide much convenience to travellers, at much less operational costs, leading to combination of lower rates for travellers and profit for airlines. Their potential success which they foresee is based on three of strategies of running core business values in a healthy way, using strength into new products and opening up new limits (Horton McKay n.d.). Their potential success which they foresee is based on three of strategies of running core business values in a healthy way, using strength into new products and opening up new limits. SWOT ANALYSIS OF BOEING This segment analysis the strengths if Boeing, they will use the strength to meet the upcoming future demand to gain competitive edge. Strength Customer Satisfaction: The project named My Boeing fleet has implemented web service and XML technology to improvise operations, reduce general work errors and decrease costs. Enhanced Customer Satisfaction: Boeing uses the latest IT technology to execute tasks from their work locations. They improve their time spent in meeting to learn new things every time they undergo training. These action lead to rise in productivity. High performing employees: Boeing endeavours to be improve quality continuously and with the help of its workforce benefit programme and maintaining balance between work/life culture. Also, Boeing also recognizes that its competence lies with its employees. Well Developed Organization: Boeing has several dedicated project teams and subsidiaries to give a hand in improving overall companys performance. For example, Aero-info is a subsidiary of Boeing focused on providing aircraft maintenance solutions. New Facility Supply: With the numerous increments in commercial communication satellites, Boeing has decided to build a new construction factory in Alabama and Decatur for the production of newest generation of missiles used to push the satellites into space. Weakness Recent suspension of Boeing from the military contracts and re-assignation of those contracts to Lockheed martin, this occurred to ethical lapses. Columbia Shuttle Tragedy: The name of Boeing suffers drawback every time the tragedy is re-called because Boeing is a very special part of United Space Alliance. Ongoing controversy linking ex-CFO and ex-CEO: This happened due to hiring of a military regulator while negotiating an important contract. Change of Aircraft Supporting: Boeing has decided to fold up the production of Boeing 757, while Boeing 717 and 767 are on lifeline. This could have a bad effect on consumers confidence and interests. Opportunities: Government Support: Boeing is the biggest exporter and second biggest weapons manufacturer in the US and primary contractor in many the countries missile programs, it can gain government support anytime they want. Expected deal from Boeing 7E7 contracts: The program has already started and it has also received orders from All Nippon Airways and also from airlines from New Zealand and Australia. They expect sales of around 500 at the end of the year. Threats Aggressive competition: Boeing is in the middle of a fierce competition, especially from the field of LCAs. It was once leader in LCA but now its on a very close competition with Airbus, which is the leader in producing commercial aircrafts. Foreign Barriers: The growing concern for Boeing is the foreign government involvement in the production of LCA. A term suited to this situation is called Regulatory Nationalism. This can result into refusal of US made aircrafts in some countries(Campbell et al. n.d.). SWOT ANALYSIS OF AIRBUS Strength Diversity in employees: Airbus has been very conscious about its employees, it believes in keeping diversity in their employees. Ingenuity: The ingenuity of Airbus company has enabled it to survive for the last three decades. Since its commencement in the 1970, the has risen to be the leader surpassing its main competitor Boeing in 2005. Freezing of Spare parts: Airbus freezes the price of its spare parts for three years. For example, the prices of spare parts in 2009 were same as in 2006. This practice has gained them lot of customer support. Weakness The A380: The Airbus company invested almost everything in the A380. Even after that it faced delays in the delivery of A380. This lead to a lot of stir with its parent company EADS, so much that its management was changed in 2006. Airbus also made huge amount of cuts by reducing its suppliers from 3000 to 500, resulting into saving of US$ 2 billion and cut administrative costs by US$ 446 million. These steps were taken to accommodate growing needs with the launch of A350. When A380 production was delayed for two years, the parent company EADS reportedly lost US$ 6 billion dollars. After shocks came when FedEx world largest express transportation company, cancelled its ten orders for the double decker and ordered 15 Boeing 777 in place of that. Also one of the major weakness of Airbus is that it has low RD investment compared to its competitor Boeing which can prove harmful in a long run. Opportunities Airbus is continuously going on a green path. This is a very auspicious position for any company who intends to be in forefront of Greening technology. Development of new aircrafts that significantly lower the carbon footprint on the environment is an opportunity no company would pass. Today, people are concerned about the environment and this act by airbus will gain a lot of public support. Airbus plans on being the industry pioneers when it comes to keep the environment clean. All of its manufacturing sites are kept within the environment standard, all ISO14001 certified. Threats Legal actions are inherited in this industry and no one is immune from it. For example, Air France sued the company for the crash occurred in 1992 near Strasbourg. A major finance risk is also there when there are exchange rate clashes. A major part of the revenues of EADS are generated in US dollars and most of its cost incurred are in euro, this can seriously affect profits (Weidner et al. n.d.). Conclusion Airbus strategies are to the point, provide every variety of product available to meet the different requirements of the customers with the latest technology, also maintaining low cost of operations and maintenance expenditure. Airbus implements mixed type of strategies on different types of its products, it follows differentiation strategy on commercial airplane segments for different needs of customers and invent units to operate at lower costs. Boeing has a very strong Research and Development network, the company uses its innovative technology to gain competitive advantage. They know that they are lagging behind airbus but they put high amount of work to improvise the quality of their products. They are going in a different direction by catering to different set of customers. Both Airbus and Boeing cater to different kind of customers. Airbus makes bigger jets and Boeing makes smaller jets. Boeing needs to overcome the situation and regain their position in the market.

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Willa Cather Describes Erotics of Place in her Novel, A Lost Lady Essay

Willa Cather Describes Erotics of Place in her Novel, A Lost Lady To discover an erotics of place in Willa Cather's A Lost Lady, takes little preparation. One begins by simply allowing Sweet Water marsh to seep into one's consciousness through Cather's exquisite prose. Two paragraphs from the middle of the novel beckon us to follow Neil Herbert, now 20 years old, into the marsh that lies on the Forrester property. This passage, rich in pastoral beauty, embraces the heart of the novel-appearing not only at the novel's center point but enfolding ideas central to the novel's theme: An impulse of affection and guardianship drew Niel up the poplar-bordered road in the early light [. . .] and on to the marsh. The sky was burning with the soft pink and silver of a cloudless summer dawn. The heavy, bowed grasses splashed him to the knees. All over the marsh, snow-on-the-mountain, globed with dew, made cool sheets of silver, and the swamp milk-weed spread its flat, raspberry-coloured clusters. There was an almost religious purity about the fresh morning air, the tender sky, the grass and flowers with the sheen of early dew upon them. There was in all living things something limpid and joyous-like the wet morning call of the birds, flying up through the unstained atmosphere. Out of the saffron east a thin, yellow, wine-like sunshine began to gild the fragrant meadows and the glistening tops of the grove. Neil wondered why he did not often come over like this, to see the day before men and their activities had spoiled it, while the morning star was still unsullied, lik e a gift handed down from the heroic ages. Under the bluffs that overhung the marsh he came upon thickets of wild roses, with flaming buds, just beginning to open.... ...arsh. A final glimpse of marsh turned wheat field comes in the fourth chapter of the novel's Part Two. Heavy rains have come to the Sweet Water valley, lifting the river over its banks and swelling the creeks. Cather reports that "the stubble of Ivy Peters' wheat fields lay under water," (121) raising the hope that Peters' intrusion upon the land is merely temporary, that given respite from human meddling, the marsh will reassert itself. I admit that this is my hope more than it is Cather's. But even if this is so, it is Cather who arouses the desire that invites me to hope. Works Cited Cather, Willa. A Lost Lady. Ed. Susan J. Rosowski with Kari Ronning, Charles W. Mignon and Frederick M. Link. The Willa Cather Scholarly Edition. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1997. Williams, Terry Tempest. An Unspoken Hunger: Stories from the Field. New York: Vintage, 1994.

9th Grade Biology

Biology Chapter 17 1) 17. 1 Protists are the Most Diverse of All Eukaryotes a. Slide 1: Complex Characteristics of Protists i. Protist 1. eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, a plant, or a fungus ii. Structure iii. Future iv. Examples v. Classification b. Slide 2: Complex Cells/Grouping by Nutrition vi. Heterotroph/Autotrophs vii. How to Group: viii. Animal-Like 2. Protozoans a. animal-like protist; is a heterotroph ix. Fungus-Like x. Plant-Like 3. Algae b. plant-like protist; makes its own food by photosynthesis Read also Lab 2 Biology 2) 17. Protozoans Digest their Food c. Slide 1: Protozoans With Flagella xi. Zooflagellates c. member of a group of protozoans that move by means of one or more flagella 4. Reproduction 5. Giardia 6. Trypanosoma d. Slide 2: Protozoans With Pseudopodia xii. Amoebas: 7. Movement: pseudopodia d. temporary extension of a cell's cytoplasm and plasma membrane; used by certain protozoans in movement and feeding 8. Forarms e. member of a group of marine protozoans with porous shells made of organic material and calcium carbonate   e.Slide 3: Protozoans with Cilia xiii. Paramecium 9. Movement f. Ciliates i. member of a group of protozoans that move and feed by means of hair like projections f. Slide 4: Protozoans Lacking Motility xiv. Apicomplexans (parasites) 10. Plasmodium g. Malaria 3) 17. 3 g. Plasmodia Slime Molds 11. member of a group of fungus-like protists that grows in a branching pattern xv. Cellular Slime Mold 12. protist with both unicellular and multicellular stages in its life cycle; is a decomposer xvi. Plasmodium 13. ember of a group of fungus-like protists that grows in a branching pattern xvii. Sporangia 14. reproductive structures on a plasmodial slime mold; also called fruiting bodies h. Water Molds and Downy Mildews xviii. Water molds xix. Downy mildews 15. Phytophthora Infestans 4) 17. 4 i. Euglenoids 16. member of a group of unicellular photosynthetic protists with one or two flagella and no cell wall xx. Euglena j. Dinoflagellates 17. member of a group of unicellular, photosynthetic algae with cell walls made of cellulose and having two flagella xxi.Plankton 18. mostly microscopic organisms that drift or swim near the surface of ponds, lakes, and ocean xxii. Phytoplankton 19. microscopic algae and cyanobacteria that carry out photosynthesis   xxiii. Zooplankton 20. microscopic animals that swim or drift near the surface of aquatic environments k. Diatoms 21. member of a group of unicellular algae with glasslike cell walls l. Seaweeds 22. a la rge, multicellular marine alga xxiv. Brown Algae xxv. Red Algae xxvi. Green AlgaeGeneral Biology Ii Study Guide (Online Class)